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use the argumentive passage to answer the questions. 1. Argument is the act of doing what three things to a claim? ___________ a claim ___________ a claim ___________ a claim 2. Argument surrounds the daily world we live in. All of American history (political, social, historical) can be thought of as a series of arguments over hundreds of years. What does the book tell us are the more subtle forms of argument? 3. What is the primary motive behind academic argument? 4. What does academic argument (or everyday argument and debate in the world) not include? Then, what does most argument involve? 5. What popular saying should be investigated further, and is seen as posing a problem to those interested in the study of argument? Why? (To answer 'why,' tell me how the popular saying oversimplifies the human consciousness when it comes to argument and one's own opinion). 6. The chapter teaches us about three main forms of argument down through history, the first one being the ancient Greek and Roman "classical argument." Aristotle divided argumentative assertions into three categories: a claim of fact, a claim of value, and a claim of policy. A claim of fact is _________________________________________ A claim of value is__________________________________________ A claim of policy is__________________________________________ 7. The ancients also categorized support strategies into three general categories: strategy by evidence, strategy by example, and strategy by appeal. The final support strategy category, appeal, was especially critical to ancient rhetoricians, who saw the act of engaging an audience as an art form - a delicate process of connecting a topic to people's beliefs and emotions - hence giving rise to the concept of rhetoric and its three main processes: ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos is an appeal _____________________________________________ Pathos is an appeal ______________________________________________ Logos is an appeal_________________________________________ 8. Moving away from "classical argument" now, let's imagine you are talking to a friend who has never heard of the "Rogerian Argument." How would you summarize this argument strategy to your friend? Try to summarize it in your own words, but if you must quote and/or paraphrase passages, you may. 9. Finally, "The Toulmin Argument" suggests that thousands of different kinds of arguments and situations exist in the bustling world, but that there are certain features all situations share. What are those six features? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 10. In relation to this, Toulmin also explains that reasoning can be used for both inquiry and advocacy. What do these two concepts mean, according to Toulmin? 11. Share something new and/or insightful that you learned about argument from this reading. Write in complete sentences.